Arequipa

About Arequipa

Arequipa is a city in southern Peru and the capital of Arequipa Province and the Department of Arequipa. With a projected population of 1,195,700 in 2025, it is the country's second most populous city after Lima. It is the official seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and is known as the "Legal Capital of Peru".

Arequipa extends along both banks of the Chili River, in the Arequipa or Chili valley. The valley is bordered by the Andes to the north and east and by low coastal hills to the south and west. The city proper extends mainly over 14 districts, while the Arequipa metropolitan area includes 21 conurbated districts.

The site of the city was founded on 15 August 1540, when it was named "Villa Hermosa de Nuestra Señora de la Asunta de Arequipa". On 25 September 1541, by a real cédula issued by Charles V, it became the "City of Arequipa". During the viceregal period, Arequipa gained importance through its economic role and its loyalty to the Spanish monarchy.

Arequipa is Peru's second most industrialized city and one of its most economically active urban centers. In 2024 the Department of Arequipa recorded a nominal GDP of S/31.458 billion and GDP per capita of S/19,593, making it the country's second-largest regional economy. Because the capital city concentrates much of the department's economic activity, the departmental figure provides broad macroeconomic context for the city. A 2015 study estimated the city's own GDP at US$9.445 billion. Its industrial activity includes manufactured goods, textiles made from wool of camelids, and the production and sale of copper and molybdenum concentrates. The city maintains commercial links with Chile, Bolivia and Brazil, and is connected by the Southern Railway with the port of Matarani and the cities of Cusco and Puno.

After independence, the city gained political and economic importance. During the 19th and 20th centuries it acted as a counterweight to centralized power in Lima, functioning as a "second capital". It was a focus of popular, civic and democratic rebellions and produced prominent figures in politics and religion. Arequipa was the scene of more than seven uprisings or revolutions between independence and 1850 and twice served as the seat of the national government. During Salaverry's coup, President Luis José de Orbegoso installed his government in the city from 13 January 1835. On 31 August 1882, during the war with Chile, President Lizardo Montero declared Arequipa the capital of Peru and convened a National Congress on 28 April 1883.

In 2000, UNESCO inscribed 332 hectares of Arequipa's historic center as a World Heritage Site. Its historical and monumental heritage, together with its scenic and cultural spaces, has made it a destination for national and international tourism. In the historic area, viceregal and republican religious architecture combines Spanish and Indigenous features, forming a local architectural style known as the "Arequipan School", whose influence reached Potosí.

Overview adapted from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA. Photography via Wikimedia Commons.